Living Root Bridges: Man-made natural bridges that last for centuries

The living root bridges are a unique tangible heritage of Meghalaya, combining nature’s prowess with the work of humans. As the name suggests, these bridges across rivers in Meghalaya are woven from intertwined roots, which continue to grow and strengthen the structure with time, making them durable for centuries. 

For centuries, the indigenous Khasi and Jaintia people have skillfully nurtured these bridges, utilizing their natural strength to cross swollen rivers during the monsoon season. The bridges are natural and sustainable and blend with the natural ecosystem. 

The carbon footprint of living root bridges is zero as there are no greenhouse gas emissions, unlike concretised bridges. The living root bridges have also earned a place on UNESCO's tentative World Heritage Site list. 

The bridges undoubtedly have practical utility for locals. But more importantly, they form an intricate ecosystem of local flora, symbolizing traditional knowledge and cultural significance for the communities.

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When well maintained, a root bridge can endure for centuries, stretching skyward between 50 and 100 feet. 

The Rangthylliang 1 root bridge in Cherrapunji is the longest-living root bridge in the world. Said to be several centuries old, it is 175 m in length long and is made from the roots of two rubber trees. 

Around 100 of these living root bridges are scattered across various villages, with notable clusters found in Nongriat, Cherrapunji, Nongbareh, and neighbouring areas. Each bridge tells a story of sustainability, resilience, and the deep-rooted connection between the people and their land in Meghalaya.

Also Read: Meghalaya: How this school dropout is preserving centuries-old living root bridges and empowering tribals

How living root bridges are made

Living root bridges are naturally constructed, beginning with the planting of two Ficus elastica (rubber) trees on opposite sides of a river. It takes almost a decade for these trees to mature and develop secondary aerial roots, which are essential for bridge formation.

Once these roots have grown sufficiently, they are carefully woven together to create a sturdy framework, eventually thickening and strengthening over time. 

To guide the roots in the right direction, local bridge builders construct bamboo scaffolding as a support structure during the weaving process. 

This scaffolding helps gently direct the aerial roots across the river until they reach and anchor themselves into the soil on the opposite bank.

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Due to constant exposure to moisture and humidity, the bamboo scaffolding deteriorates and must be replaced every two years. 

As the roots continue to grow, they intertwine with those of the tree on the opposite side, gradually reinforcing the bridge’s structure.

Over 20 to 30 years, the roots are continually guided and strengthened until they can fully support themselves without external assistance. Once the bridge reaches this stage, it is a fully functional living structure, though it requires ongoing maintenance and care to ensure its longevity.

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