Indian independence: Kolkata’s cafés that were safe havens for Bengal’s Revolutionaries paramount dilkhusa cabin 30stades
At the beginning of the 20th century, Bengal saw the first patriotic revolutionary movement for Indian independence. Fiery young men such as Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, Aurobindo Ghosh, Barin Ghosh, Khudiram Bose, Prafulla Chaki, and Jatindranath Mukherjee were among the hundreds of youth who fought an armed revolution against the barbaric British rule.
While the revolutionaries mostly worked in secret, some eateries in Kolkata’s College Street were the meeting grounds for the freedom fighters.
Restaurants like the Indian Coffee House, Paramount and Dilkhusa Cabin are over 100 years old and were secretly used by the revolutionaries to plan their anti-British activities.
On the outside, these establishments were places for meals, drinks and light-hearted conversations. The Paramount sold sherbets, the Indian Coffee House dished up snacks and beverages and the Dilkhusa Cabin served the famous kabiraji cutlets (fish, chicken, or mutton cutlet covered in a fluffy, crispy web of beaten egg batter). Alongside, these cafés also helped to whip up patriotic sentiments and further the cause of the anti-British rebels.
These cafeterias functioned as a meeting ground for the freedom fighters, where letters and revolutionaries’ literature were distributed, secret communications were sent and sometimes even firearms exchanged hands under the table.
Kolkata's College Street, which is home to restaurants that go back over 100 years. Pic: Partho Burman
Surprisingly, the British government did not know how these eateries were run, and, as a result, they didn’t accuse them of inciting insurrection.
For instance, Surendranath Banerjee and Anandamohan Bose established the first avowed nationalist organisation, the ‘Indian National Association’ or ‘Bharat Sabha’ during a meeting in 1876 at the Indian Coffee House.
The Indian Coffee House, formerly known as Albert Hall, was founded in April 1876, according to retired Calcutta University professor Dr Sachindra Nath Bhattacharya.
The mission of the Indian National Association was to develop the social, intellectual and economic well-being of the people. To foster their feeling of nationalism, Surendranath Banerjee, Anandamohan Bose, Sivanath Shastri and Dwarakanath Ganguly targeted the educated young brigade from middle-class families.
Retired Calcutta University professor Dr Sachindra Nath Bhattacharya at the Indian Coffee House where the idea of ‘Indian National Association’ was born during a meeting in 1876. Pic: Partho Burman
Even the inaugural meeting of the Indian National Conference took place at Albert Hall (now Indian Coffee House) from December 28 to 30, 1883. The goal of the conference was to create a political platform that would bring all Indians together, regardless of religion, caste or faith. The conference’s objectives included a national call to revolt against the British.
According to Dr Bhattacharya, the area around the Presidency College, once known as Hindu College, the Sanskrit College and other institutions was considered sacrosanct. The notion of Swadeshi values was initially presented through watercolour artwork when Abanindranath Tagore created the first image of ‘Bharat Mata’ (Mother India) during the Swadeshi Movement in 1905. This is where Raja Ram Mohan Roy, known as the ‘Bengal Renaissance’s’ founder, got his start.
“The Indian Coffee House was a key location for the anti-British movement. Rabindranath Tagore, Subhas Chandra Bose and several other individuals spent hours debating topics about the motherland,” says Dr Bhattacharya.
“Netaji even held some political gatherings. On the guidance of Rabindranath (Tagore), Netaji developed many plans for the Quit India Movement here,” Dr Bhattacharya says.
The 30-table seating arrangement at the Indian Coffee House (earlier Albert Hall) has remained unchanged in the last 146 years. Pic: Partho Burman
The 146-year-old Albert Hall has an interesting history. It was built by Ramkamal Sen, the grandfather of Keshub Chandra Sen - the philosopher, social reformer and Brahmo Samaj member. It came into renown during Keshub Chandra Sen’s lifetime. In 1912, Aviram Mallick, a zamindar (landlord) of Chorbagan, bought the three-story structure and rented out the first two floors to a British, Henry Paddington.
By introducing coffee here, Paddington sought to make Calcutta resemble London. The 30-table hall with a lofty ceiling on the first and second floors transports one back to the pre-independence era.
Notably, during World War II, it was transformed into British Army Barracks, and afterwards, it was converted into an Air Raid Precision Center.
In 1942, the coffee joint started catering services under the auspices of the Indian Coffee Workers Co-operative Society Limited, and in 1947 it was renamed the Indian Coffee House.
Eminent personalities like Satyajit Ray, Amartya Sen, Ritwik Ghatak, Manna Dey, Sunil Ganguly, Aparna Sen and many more have gathered here for a cup of coffee throughout the post-independence era.
Restaurants for revolution
Paramount is located nearby on the same Bankim Chatterjee Street. “Paramount was originally set up as Paradise in 1918 by my late grandfather Nihar Ranjan Mazumdar. It served as a haven for the revolutionaries and was not established just to sell sherbet,” says Partha Pratim Mazumdar, the third-generation owner of Paramount.
Names of eminent personalities, including freedom fighters, who have visited the Paramount Cafe (set up in 1918). Pic: Partho Burman
“The seating space in front was intended for running the sherbet business, but the 20x25-foot backroom was used by the freedom fighters for covert meetings, deliberations, exchanging missives,” he says.
The top names on the list of Indian liberation fighters that frequented this restaurant were Netaji, Biplabi Pulin, Behari Das, Biplabi Satin Sen, Biplabi Manabendra Roy, Acharya Prafulla Chandra Roy and Bidrohi Kabi Kaji Nazrul Islam. Its other patrons included Meghnad Saha, Satyen Bose, Soumendranath Tagore and Jagdish Chandra Bose.
According to Partha, his grandfather was a freedom fighter and a member of the Barisal Anushilan Samiti, an Indian fitness club that was established in Bengal in 1902 to oppose British rule in India. Aurobindo Ghosh and his brother Barindra Kumar Ghosh, both nationalists, served as its leaders.
“My grandfather changed the name of the eatery from Paradise to Paramount in 1937. He thought the British were getting suspicious and the name was changed to prevent a direct conflict with them,” says Mazumdar.
The two deer heads purchased by Mazumdar's grandfather Nihar Ranjan Mazumdar at an auction by the Nizam of Hyderabad. Pic: Partho Burman
The right-side wall of the entry room is decorated with two deer heads and a picture of Ramakrishna Paramahamsa. The deer heads were purchased by Mazumdar's grandfather Nihar Ranjan Mazumdar at an auction organised by the Nizam of Hyderabad.
The 750 sq ft restaurant has a seating arrangement for only 20 people.
There were neither chairs nor tables in the room used for secret meetings by the freedom fighters. Only a floor mat was placed for them to sit. Today, it serves as the kitchen.
“We still have the chair intact on which Netaji Bose used to sit. He visited this place many times,” Mazumdar says.
The backroom of Paramount, where Revolutionaries sat on mats during meetings, has now been converted into a kitchen. Pic: Partho Burman
“Green Mango sherbet was his favourite drink. During one of his meetings in Shraddhanand Park, Netaji ordered this Green Mango sherbet which was promptly delivered to him. Netaji bought my grandfather a basket full of mangoes in return,” he adds.
“Our ‘Dab Sherbet’ is one of the most popular drinks. We received the secret formula from Acharya Prafulla Chandra Roy. Except for the Dab sherbet, all other sherbet recipes were made public,” says Mazumdar.
Dilkhusa Cabin
The ‘Swadesi Movement’ was launched immediately after the partition of Bengal in 1905. Utpal Bose, the fifth-generation proprietor of Dilkhusa Cabin discloses, “The freedom fighters never went to the same spot twice. They repeatedly changed their venues. Dilkhusa Cabin was one of their hangouts. They may have planned guerilla operations while keeping their identities secret and escaped detection.”
Utpal Bose, the fifth-generation owner of Dilkhusa Cabin. The restaurant was built in 1900
Bose says that some of the plans chalked out in the eating joints included attacking a British officer, robbing a bank for weapons, bombing public buildings and other such operations. Kaji Nazrul Islam, Biplabi Kanailal Dutta, Biplabi Barindra Ghosh and Manindra Nath Nayak among others have left their footprints here. A few other rebels returned to their Chandan Nagar hiding place as it was a French Colony and safe for them.
“The Dilkhusa Cabin restaurant will turn 123 on August 15, 2022. It was built in 1900 and has a 725 square foot space,” says Bose.
Everything has been refurbished from floor to ceiling, except for 15 chairs that were purchased for 70 paise each and a 5X10-feet mirror that was bought for Rs 80 and still adorns the left wall from the doorway.
“The price for the mirror has been set at Rs 1.5 lakh by some Kolkata businessman,” says Bose.
These famous eateries’ 100-year odyssey is still far from done. All three of these establishments received the ‘Culinary Heritage Award’ from the INTACH Calcutta & West Bengal Chapters in 2019 for their contributions to Kolkata’s culinary heritage. But their much bigger contribution lies in supporting India’s freedom struggle fearlessly.
(Partho Burman is a Kolkata-based award-winning journalist. He writes inspiring human interest and motivational stories.)
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