With roots in Indus Valley Civilisation, can Gujarat’s Khavda pottery reinvent the wheel? kitchen utensils earthenware clay pots kitchen 30stades
Not long ago, Vogue termed pottery the new yoga. The fashion and lifestyle magazine said the ancient art form was therapeutic and meditative. Overnight, pottery became fashionable with the swish set and pottery artists were much sought after.
The new chic status for pottery did not, however, bring any change in the hand-to-mouth existence of Abdulbhai. Tucked away in Khavda village of Gujarat’s Kutch region, Abdulbhai belongs to a family of kumhars or potters who has been practising the craft for generations.
Khavda is home to a pottery tradition that goes back thousands of years to the Indus Valley Civilisation that once thrived in the Kutch region.
The earthen pots made in Khavda are similar in process and design to those found during excavation at Indus Valley sites.
Bollywood actor Tapsee Pannu with Khavda pottery speaker that amplifies the sound. Pic: Khamir
Once several villages in the Rann of Kutch such as Khavda, Lodai, Tuna were hubs of pottery-making. Potters crafted beautiful items such as pots for water storage, plates, glasses, bowls, lamps, boxes that were coloured in the trademark geru (red) colour and embellished with black paint. But today Khavda pottery, as it is known, is in dire straits.
Declining demand has pushed potters to other odd jobs such as scrap dealing. Barely a handful of families are practising the craft.
Abdulbhai, 51, says matter-of-factly, “Yes, this craft will die out. Our children are not doing pottery. There is little demand for our products. The government has turned a blind eye. So how will we or our craft survive?”
While Abdulbhai learnt pottery at a young age from his father and grandfather, his three sons have not taken to the family occupation.
“They ask me what have you achieved from all this hard work. Have you managed a steady income? Have you got any savings? I have no reply,” he says softly.
Abdulbhai is not keen on talking about his craft to the media. “I have turned down some requests for interviews. What’s the use? Those who are in a position to do something are not taking any interest,” he says.
Abdulbhai at an exhibition with his Khavda pottery. Pic: Khamir
Low incomes and the hard work involved in making earthenware have driven away most potters. The COVID pandemic has only added to their misery, says Abdulbhai who himself has been forced to turn daily wager to earn a living.
“There is no income. Instead, we have to take loans to survive,” says Ismailbhai who lives in Lodai village located some 35 km from Bhuj.
His three sons work as labourers to run the household.
He also worked in Dubai for over 15 years to earn a stable income but he returned to his roots and family vocation. “How long could I work for others? I got fed up. My pottery business will last me a lifetime. This is what I know best,” says Ismailbhai who has been making pottery since childhood.
Creating a piece of art
The process of making Khavda pottery requires both patience and hard work.
To create the earthenware, Abdulbhai says he sources the clay, called Rann ki Mitti, from a lake in Khavda.
The clay is pounded and sifted to obtain very fine clay. It is mixed with water, kneaded and left for 12 hours. The amount of water has to be just right. If it is too much, the clay will not harden and too little will make it dry.
Chakda or potter's wheel on left; Ismailbhai working on his pots (right). Pic: Ismailbhai
After 12 hours, the clay is again kneaded and pounded to get the right consistency and remove any air pockets. Abdulbhai then throws the soft clay onto the wheel and with his nimble fingers shapes the lump into diverse artefacts.
They are dried in the sun and buffed with sandpaper to give a smooth finish. It is then given a wash with geru, which gives the objects a reddish hue.
The earthenware is then put in a kiln fired with wood and cow dung, a process that takes three days. After that, the women paint the artefacts using bamboo twigs.
A black stone is ground to make black colour which is applied in geometrical patterns on the artefacts. White is obtained from kari mitti or fine soil while yellow and red clay-based paints are also used.
Abdulbhai’s wife Rahimaben and mother Saraben paint the wares. Traditionally, women are not allowed to work on the wheel which was the preserve of men. However, Saraben has broken from tradition. Though she does not work on the wheel, she makes artefacts moulding the clay with her bare hands.
Women painting on the pottery which has been quoted with geru (reddish colour). Pic: Abdulbhai
“She learnt to make the earthenware herself, looking at my father and grandfather,” says Abdulbhai proudly. Saraben was awarded the Devi Ahilya national award by the Madhya Pradesh government in 2001-02 for her work.
Ismailbhai says before Covid the business was good. “Tourists would visit our villages and buy our wares. We participated in exhibitions and fairs,” he says.
“Earlier, we would earn up to 15,000 per month. But for almost 18 months there is nothing,” he says with a sigh.
Before the Covid pandemic, visitors and tourists were driving sales in the villages. Exhibitions and workshops too were held regularly and provided additional income. But the pandemic put an end to that. Abdulbhai also used to teach pottery at the National Institute of Design, Ahmedabad. That too shut down during the pandemic.
A new beginning
Khamir, an organisation set up in the aftermath of the 2001 earthquake to help revive the shattered local arts and crafts, has provided a platform for the diverse craft traditions of Kutch.
Khamir’s crafts facility in Kukma village on the outskirts of Bhuj is open to artists for workshops and exhibitions. Khamir means intrinsic pride in the Kutchi language.
Ismailbhai teaching students on the potter's wheel. Pic: Khamir
Ghatit Laheru, Director of Khamir, says with the advent of metal and plastic, pottery has taken a big hit. In villages where there used to be 30-40 potters, now there are three or four.
Earlier, people used utensils made of mud. Now they only use pots and tawa (skillet).
“Modern society can do without the potter or his products and that has led to the high dropout rate of potters from the craft,” he says.
Moreover, industrialisation and agriculture are depriving potters of the land from where they source the clay. “We are talking to the Kutch collector to reserve some land for potters,” says Laheru.
“The situation is tough. We realise that but it would be hasty to say Khavda pottery is a dying craft. We are hopeful that as the Covid situation improves, things will pick up,” he says.
Laheru says Khamir has initiated pottery craft programmes with artisans and has organised workshops and exhibitions for the local craftspersons to provide new skills and give a wider platform for their crafts.
They have invited experts and artisans from other institutes who have taught the local potters to modernise and create new artefacts that would appeal to an urban audience.
The colours for painting are naturally derived derived from geru, black stones, white clay etc. Pic: Flickr
Today, many pottery artisans are coming forward to learn and experiment with various clays, firing and glazing techniques, designs and product ranges. For instance, at one of the workshops, Abdulbhai learnt to make speakers that amplify sound and an aeroplane. Both the products received good responses from people.
Some potters have ventured into ceramics and Khamir has joined hands with Ceramic Center, Baroda, to work together on the various issues of the pottery clusters in Kutch.
The potters and other artisans are slowly waking up to social media to promote their crafts. Abdulbhai too has a social media presence, more out of compulsion than liking.
However, he has not graduated to online sales. “Connectivity problems, fragile artefacts that could break during transportation and poor transportation and logistics are a hurdle,” he says.
While thankful to organisations such as Khamir, he says the support is irregular. “They are able to help us when they get a project. But we need a regular source of income to survive,” he says dejectedly.
Laheru says government intervention to facilitate transportation and logistics will help potters and other artisans shift to e-commerce platforms. Khamir is also trying to promote marketing through catalogue sales. “We have identified 20 crafts. We will send catalogues with pictures of handcrafts to corporates, institutions and government offices. We hope they will place bulk orders that will help artisans,” he says.
(Urvashi Dev Rawal is a Jaipur-based journalist specialising in development, gender, and political reporting)
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